General surgery is a technical discipline that includes the surgical treatment of systemic and regional problems in the body as well as topics such as general principles, wound healing, and metabolic and endocrinological responses to injuries, influencing the development of many surgical and basic medical branches. It is a surgical specialty that primarily focuses on the abdomen, including the esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, liver, pancreas, gallbladder, and bile ducts. Additionally, it deals with the thyroid, peripheral vessels, breast, soft tissue, burns, skin, and hernias.
The thyroid is a butterfly-shaped endocrine gland located in the front of the neck, just below the cartilage projection known as the “Adam’s apple.” It secretes thyroid hormones that are vital for the body. Abnormal lumps or masses of different structures and sizes that form in the thyroid tissue are called thyroid nodules. Thyroid nodules are a common problem. The important aspect here is the diagnosis and treatment of nodules that may be cancerous. Goiter refers to the enlargement of the thyroid gland. This enlargement can be stopped with medication, but in cases of excessive growth, excessive hormone secretion, or pressure on surrounding organs, surgical treatment may also be required.
Breast cancer is the most common type of cancer in women. Although it can also occur in men, nearly one in eight women in the community is diagnosed with breast cancer. The risk increases further, especially in older women. Early diagnosis is critically important to prevent the spread of cancer cells to other organs. Painless hard lumps noticed in the breast area are usually the first symptoms. Breast cancer, which is often mistaken for lipomas or benign breast cysts, is usually harder and more fixed in its location. Patients often do not feel any pain in the initial stages, but as the disease progresses, pain can become an accompanying symptom. Nipple discharge is another symptom that should be taken into consideration. These discharges are categorized into two types. In some patients, the discharge is non-bloody, while in others, it may appear bloody. Bloody discharge is a more serious finding. Women with a family history of breast cancer, especially in close relatives such as mothers or aunts, should not neglect their medical check-ups after the age of 35. For screening, in addition to an annual routine examination, both breasts and armpit tissues should be checked with mammography and ultrasonography. Additionally, every woman should be aware of how to self-examine her breasts and should consult a doctor without delay upon noticing any changes. Some of the signs and symptoms of benign breast diseases and breast cancer are similar. Therefore, careful differential diagnosis is necessary. Benign breast diseases, such as breast cysts, fibroadenomas, and infections or abscesses commonly seen during pregnancy and breastfeeding, require careful diagnosis and treatment planning.
